Consider a collapsing spherical cavity in a large pond of water. The initial pressure of water in the pond is P0, the initial radius of the cavity is R0. Determine the speed of the edge of the cavity when its radius reaches r0 (r0<R0). The water density is ρ.
Note: The problem statement is translated (and slightly modified) from the original text in Savchenko et al 1981.
Discussion
I did not plan on writing up this problem as it seemed trivial to me at first. I thought, ok there is some kind of differential equation to compose and solve.
I tried to use the Newton's law and the energy conservation equation approaches but could not really get it.
I asked ChatGPT, and it came up with a solution based on the energy balance equation, the solution did resemble the correct one but it was off by a constant factor. ChatGPT mentioned the Rayleigh-Plesset equation which helped me to come up with my solution below. But here I decided to base the solution on the Newton's equation of motion to be able to present a self-contained solution, at least from my stand point.
Solution
Let's consider a water parcel at a distance x from the center of the cavity C (see the figure below).
Figure 1: Cross-section of collapsing cavity in a large pond. Dashed circles show positions of the cavity's edge when its sizes are R0,r,r0.
The pressure gradient will act to accelerate the parcel towards the point C.
ρdvdt=−∂P∂x
where v=v(x,t) - is velocity of the water parcel at the distance x from the center of the collapsing hollow cavity at time t.
We can express the derivative of v(x(t),t) in the above equation by assuming that the parcell travels along a tragectory x(t) and employing the compound function differentiation formula:
dvdt=∂v∂t+∂v∂xdxdt=∂v∂t+v∂v∂x
Therefore, the equation of motion takes the following form (this is also known as an Euler form of the equation of motion): ∂v∂t+v∂v∂x=−1ρ∂P∂x
Let's consider the continuity equation for the spheres with radii x and R0 and centered around the point C:
v(x,t)⋅4πx2=v(R0,t)⋅4πR20⇒v(x,t)⋅x2=v(R0,t)⋅R20=F(t)⇒v(x,t)=F(t)x2
Now let's plug the above expression for v(x,t) into the equation of motion:
1x2dF(t)dt+F(t)2x2(−2x3)=−1ρ∂P∂x⇒1x2dF(t)dt−2F(t)2x5=−1ρ∂P∂x
Let's consider the above equation at a fixed moment in time when the radius of the hollow cavity is r(t). Then integrating the above equation from r(t) to +∞ and using that P(r)=0 and P(+∞)=P0 we get:
dF(t)dt+∞∫rdxx2−2F(t)2+∞∫rdxx5=−1ρ+∞∫r∂P∂xdx⇒1rdF(t)dt−12F(t)2r4=−P0ρ
We can express F(t) using flux continuity at the edge of the cavity as follows:
F(t)=u(t)r2
where u(t)=dr/dt=˙r - is the speed of the edge of the cavity at time t when its radius is r=r(t).
After plugging in the above expression for F(t) into the integrated equation of motion, we get:
˙ur+32u2=−P0ρ
The above is a particular case of an existing named equation (Rayleigh-Plesset equation: ¨rr+32˙r2=−P0/ρ, where ˙r=u).
Finally, to solve the equation we will invert the r(t) function and will consider the speed of the edge of the cavity as a function of the radius of the cavity.
˙u=dudr1˙r
Replacing the temporal derivative ˙u, using the above formula, in the initial differential equation we get an easily separable first order differential equation with respect to u=u(r):
dudrur+32u2=−P0ρ
Further, we can separate du and dr and integrate the equation from R0 to r0, taking into account that u(R0)=0 (i.e. the velocity of the cavity edge was 0 in the beginning when its radius was R0):
−u(r0)∫u(R0)uduP0ρ+32u2=r0∫R0drr⇒ln(P0ρ+32u(r0)2P0ρ)=−3ln(r0R0)⇒P0ρ+32u(r0)2=P0ρ(R0r0)3⇒|u(r0)|=√23P0ρR30−r30r30
So the above expression is the formula for the speed of the edge of the collapsing cavity at the moment when its radius reaches r0 from R0. It is interesting to note that there is a singularity at r0→0, the speed of the cavity edge increases to infinity.